This confocal image shows plant-derived particles delivering cargo to human nerve cells. The neurons, grown from human stem cells, are shown in green, with their nuclei in blue. Tiny vesicles made from ginger appear as red dots attached to and taken up by the neurons.

The overlap of red and green signals shows that these engineered plant particles successfully bind to and enter nerve cells. By adding targeting molecules to their surface, we designed these vesicles to improve delivery from the nasal cavity to the brain — offering a potential non-invasive way to treat neurological diseases.

The three colors highlight key parts of the system: nuclei (blue), neurons (green), and ginger-derived vesicles (red). Brightness and contrast were adjusted uniformly to enhance visibility without altering the scientific content.